Aug 28, 2023
"Much of it." Not all of it. You didn't quote the most pertinent part of the statement.
In social sciences, an example would be large qualitative or quantitative surveys, when done with proper random sampling and powering.
One can also do proper (hard, quantitative) data analysis on how people react to common situations. For example, a comparison on how debt-to-income ratio actually affects people's likelihood to pay.